A cikin tauraro, chukchi aka kira chukchivorthlans, chukotov. Lokacin sun wuce, kuma sunayen da suka gabata sun kasance cikin hanyoyin tarihi kawai a cikin hanyoyin tarihi, amma mazaunan Chukotka kansu suna da aminci ga al'adunsu da na gargajiya na gargajiya. Haihuwar wannan Ethnos suna cikin zuriyar kabilan da aka haɗa da ita ta hanyar Totem na kowa, garin wuta, al'ummar addini da ayyukan ibada.
Chukchi na zamani, kamar kakanninsu, sun kasu kashi biyu - masu kisan gilla da mafarauta, dabbobin masana'antu. An yi la'akari da shayarwa na Chukchi na musamman na musamman, wanda ke karnuka don karnuka, inda mutane suka yi tafiya ta hanyar dusar ƙanƙara. Menene sunan Chukchi yake nufi? Yaya labarin su? Kuma menene al'adun wannan mutane zasu faɗi?
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Da aka saba sunan "chukchi" ya bayyana tun da daɗewa. Saboda haka ƙarni da yawa da suka gabata, Russia da Yakuts suka fara kiran babban yawan jama'ar Chukotka. A cewar masu bincike, sunan sunayen da aka fada sun kalla "Cheko", wanda ke nufin "Ricba Deer" a cikin adverb na Chukotka.
Wannan shi ne abin da ake kira nazarin garkuwar. Amma, kamar yadda na ce, Chukchi yana da ƙungiyoyi da yawa waɗanda suka bambanta a wurin sake saiti da nau'in aiki. Misali, masu shayar da kere na Seaside sun kira ankalyn (a cikin fassarar "anka" na nufin "teku").
Amma kamawa da kai na Chukchi ya ji da wuya. Yana kama da wani akarka, da "mutane na ainihi" fassara. Watau, magabannin Chukchi sun nuna cewa su masu gaskiya ne, "mutane" na ƙasashensu.
Fasali na harshe
Al'adar wannan mutanen tana nufin nau'in hade, wato Asia-Ba'amurke. Yawancin almara da imani suna tabbatar da hanyoyin haɗi da kama da juna na al'adun Chukchi da Indiyawan Arewacin Amurka. Af, nau'in iska mai kare daga tekun kabilan nasa ne ga nau'in Amurka.
Amma a cikin tsarin harshe na Chukchi yana da alaƙa da Itelmen, Koryakov da Eskimos. Harshen Chukchi yana ɗaya daga cikin dangin yarachi Kamchatka dangin Narachi Kamchatka, yana cikin rukunin Faleoisian kungiyar. Kafin bayyanar Russia kan Chukeroka, Chukchi tuni da wasu almara da almara, amma 'yan qasa sun kiyaye abubuwan da suka tabbatar.
Dalilin wannan shine rubutun. Abin sha'awa, a farkon rabin farkon karni na ƙarshe, makiyayin Khaneville ya sami damar ƙirƙirar ainihin rubutun.
Irin wannan ainihin tushen rubutu na rubutaccen harshe, da rashin alheri, bai samu yaduwa ba, amma an yi amfani da yau a yau. Yawancin Chukchi sun fi son yin amfani da haruffa Cyrillic don rubutu.
Azuzuwan chukchi
Jim kadan kafin fitowan Rashanci Chukchi, sai suka iya mika wajan reindeer kiwo, wanda daga baya tushen ciniki. Amma ka tambaya: Ta yaya mutanen mashahurin masu girman kai ke zaune a gaba? Komai mai sauki ne - na dogon lokaci, sana'ar gargajiya ta mutane a Chukotka ta farauta. A bayyane yake shine figery na bakin teku chukchi. Sun rayu a kuɗin ruwan marmari: hatims, jijiyoyi, da jijiya, wals da kifaye.
Irin waɗannan ayyukan suna buƙatar mummunan horo da sojojin jiki mai yawa. Bugu da kari, Chukchi yana da dabaru na farauta na musamman. Misali, a hatimi, mutane sun kai hari a bakin gaci lokacin da dabbobin sun huta a rana. Yin kwaikwayon motsi na dabba, Chukchi kansu sun ba da kansu ga hatimin, bayan waɗanda suka kai wa dabbar da aka zaɓa.
Gidajen gargajiya
Ko a yau, rayuwar Chukchi tana riƙe da abubuwa masu yawa na kayan kwalliya. Daga karni na XIX, kabilun reindeer masu shayarwa suna zaune a igiyoyi 2-3. Sun kasance al'ummomin nomadic waɗanda zasu canza wurare na lokaci-lokaci yayin da mai ci gajiyar ci gajiya.
Gidajen gargajiya na Chukchi, wanda ake gina shi a zamaninmu, shine Yarga. Wannan babban tantin da aka saba da shi na yau da kullun. Deerwaƙƙarfan gida tana cinye masu fatun gidaje, waɗanda duwatsu suka kiyaye su, waɗanda suke kiyaye mazaunan gidaje daga iska. A cikin tantin, akwai wuta. Wannan wuri shine mai tsarki, kuma chukchi kansu suna kwatanta gidansu daga sararin samaniya, saboda menene kuma yake tafiya a ciki yana bin yari da rana a sararin sama.
Hutun hutu da Addinin Chukchi
Ana nuna al'adun Chukchi mafi haske yayin hutu da ayyukan addini. Manyan bukukuwan da aka yi la'akari da bukukuwan yanayi masu alaƙa da shigarwa na gidaje, dandano na barewa, sakamakon vizahenka.
Zawarar wuta ta taka rawa na musamman. A cikin matsanancin sanyi, mutane musamman mutane sun yaba da zafi, wanda ke ba da harshen wuta, sabili da haka wuta sau da yawa ya bayyana a cikin almara, duk-ruhin mai iko.
Ana amfani da tsarin gargajiya waɗanda ake amfani da su Chukchi don yin ado zane, takalma, mai zaman kansu, a cewar masana kimiyya, suna da asalin Eskimo. Amincewa na asali ya kiyaye har wa yau ayyukan rudani. Chukchi suna bautar da sojojin halitta, suna nuna abubuwan, suna girmama dabbobi masu tsarki (alal misali, Crow da bear).
Yawancin mazaunan mazaunan zamani na Chukotka sun kiyaye katako na katako - duwatsu na musamman don kunna wuta, wanda ya kamata ya sami kowane mutum. An yi amfani da su yayin al'ummar wuta da ke hade da bautar wuta da kuma kawo wadanda suka shafa wa mai tsattsarkan wuta wanda ke ba zafi, sabili da haka rayuwa. Da yawa daga kabilu suna gudanar da wani wuri mai ban sha'awa "lokacin da wani mutum ya sa kayan aikin mace ya cika aikin mata a kan aikin gida - da kuma mataimakin.
Chukchi wani keɓaɓɓu ne na mutane, wanda yake sha'awar yin imani, al'adu da al'adun kakanninsu da kuma makwabtansu. Matafiya waɗanda suka ziyarci gundumar Chukotka a cikin gida ko a cikin Kamchatka, Lura cewa waɗannan wuraren suna buɗe launi na musamman, wanda ke ba da tsohuwar addini ta musamman, wanda ke kiyaye asalin ilimin jama'ar gida.
A murfin: VLADRIZA KAVRI, Arctic Tundra, Arctic Tundra, Chucotka, Rasha, 2012 / © Jimmy Nelson / Jimmynelson.com