Nikolay Ladovsky shine mai zane na musamman, "wanda ba a gani ba" wanda yake shiga cikin mutane da yawa "ba" ayyukansa ba. Ofayansu shine littafin rubutu "abubuwan gine-gine na tsarin gine-ginen" (1934). Daga cikin marubutan N. Ladovsky (kamar yadda aka tsara ayyukan gine-gine).
Je zuwa farkon farkon labarin
Koyaya, ganin suna a murfin, ba wuya a yi tunanin cewa ba tare da Ladovsky ba. Marubutan - membobin Asnov: Vladimir Krings, Ivan Lamstsov da Mikhail Turkus. Na karshen - na gaba - Hakanan nazarin Ladovsky. Kuma dukkanin malami uku - masu perennial malamai na vhutemas sannan kuma Cibiyar Tsarin Moscow Estitent. Don haka, hanyoyin pedagogy ya ci gaba a asnov aƙalla an kiyaye shi.
A lokaci guda, an yi imani da hukuma bisa hukuma cewa Nikolai Ladovsky, daga cikin taro na m ayyukan aiki, kawai aiwatar da ayyukan guda biyu kawai:
- Kudancin Fasaha Metro "Rab Rab";
- Majalisar da akasin haka na tashar Metro na Dzerzhinskaya.
Kuma komai ... da alama zama. Domin ba komai mai sauki bane.
Tabbas, 90% na marubutan suna bayyana a fili: ayyukan biyu. Amma ko da a Wikipedia, na uku an riga an nuna: Gidaje biyu na Gazeta mai Kyau ", Corps 3 da 5 gidaje.
Af, masanin gine-ginen Asnov suna haɓaka aikin filin wasa na ja a Luzhniki, wanda ya karbi lambar zinare na nunin duniya na 1935 a Paris. Wanda kuma Pavilion Melnikova da kuma aikin kulob din Rodcheno ya yi barazanar.
Zuwa Ladovsky yana da dangantaka mafi kyau.
- Da farko, sabanin mai aikin yi, wanda ya tara adadin masu baiwa daidai da kuma masifa mai kyau, da halayensa da ilmin zane-zane ne wanda ke aiki sarari. "
- Abu na biyu, mafi mahimmanci, hanyar ta daga farkon yana ba da shawarar aikin pollejial.
Don haka a cikin kowane rukuni na rukuni Asnov, har ma da sauran ɗaliban sa daga vhutemas, akwai kuma aikin Nikolai Alexandrovich.
Shin mun riga mun san da Lingrad gida akan titin taraba? Amma aikin kungiyar Moscow na Asnov: Havo-Shabolovsky Zhilmaivsk (1927-300).
Da farko dai, shi ne sake aiki don gina duka yankin, tare da ainihin falon gidaje. Haka kuma, a dukkan ayyukan, ya zama dole a mai da hankali kan ka'idodi: Jigogi na yankuna da ka'idoji da aka kafa. Debors da matsayi na gidaje dangane da "jan layin tituna", saita tsaka-tsaki, da sauransu.
Abin da bai hana ainihin mafita ba: don shirya gida a kusurwar dama zuwa ga juna, juya su a digiri 45 game da grid na tituna. Gidaje sun mai da hankali ne a bangarorin duniya: dakuna masu rai da Balconies ana samunsu ta kudu, Kitchens, wanka da dakuna masu kama da juna.
Anan zaka iya ganin kusurwar protruping, kuma da gangan ana ware shi da launi: plasted da kuma bayyana a kan asalin bangon bulan da ba a buɗe ba.
A wasu facade tare da layin kwance, an yi amfani da bel Glazing - a zahiri, mafita, ƙarin masifa, ƙarin halayyar, ƙarin halayyar da aka yi. Idan an yi su da kayan ado, sai su sanya su kowane ɗayan kundin aikinku na mutum, ko kuma "nuna" tsarin ginin; Da kyau, "in ji shi" belin windows wanda ba koyaushe yake da isassun kudade ba.
Masu masu hankali sun yi wa juna daban ta jaddada irin kuzari, sifa, silima, ya kunnawa.
Amma, alal misali, a cikin "Budennovskaya ƙauyen" A babban titin gidan waya (Shugaban Motalva, gine-gine A. Fufaev da Map) suna da taswira daga asnov).
Kuma shirin ƙauyen yana da nisa daga yanayin daidaito. (Tuna da manufar Corbusier, cewa an gina tsohuwar biranen Turai da aka gina tare da wasu furotes "suna wucewa, inda za su bi? Mutumin da ya sa ya tafi kai tsaye.)
Amma fewan kalmomi kaɗan game da launi.
Tsananin magana, "mafi kyawun" kayan ado suna amfani da masu takara. Wannan ita ce zamanin avant-garde! Kuma masu hankali basu manta game da aikin ba. Misali, daidaituwa a gida ta hanyar Windows Kudu ko kudu maso yamma. Russia ba Italiya ko ta Kudu, inda ake buƙatar ɓoye daga rana ba ... kuma a cikin mazaunan mazaunin Havo-Shalobvsky da Balco-shaleoboes da kuma dakuna da makamantansu.
Kuma ƙari: Ayyukan Peccular (ko, fiye daidai, aiki) yana bayyana kanta a cikin zaɓin kayan.
Mazaunin Fetish - karfafa kankare. Amma a cikin USSR 20s tare da samar da karfafa kankare, har ma ya zama, lamarin ba komai bane.
Masu masu hankali suna aiki tare da tubalin, wani lokacin - amfani na sakandare, daga watsa tsoffin gine-gine. Tubalin a Rasha da yawa, ana aiwatar da shi, kuma an gina su nan da nan. Haƙuri ta amfani da yanayin kayan, a sauƙaƙe; Ikon yin aiki da siffofin hadaddun.
A nan, ta hanyar, benges da aka kafa a cikin Havsco-Shabolovsky ZhilMASIV.
Lebur rufin yana da sanyi sosai. Arha kuma yana sa ya yiwu a sanya yankin jama'a anan. Shi ke nan yanzu, tare da kayan zamani da fasahar zamani, waɗannan rufin galibi suna faruwa. Kuma a wancan lokacin ...
Ka tuna da gidan, ana kiransa da leaks na yau da kullun na "hawayen zamantakewa"? Kuma a cikin wadata da Turai, wannan ya faru. Suna cewa, keɓe shi da rufin Villa na Savoy, ɗaya daga cikin manyan ayyukan Le Corbusier. Gina wani abu tare da wadancan fasahar da ta samu a lokacin.
Amma masu hikimar Soviet ba su jin kunya da tubalin ko kuma rufin gidaje. Amma na musamman "COUPLE" SATARWANT SARAUNAWAR CIKIN SAUKI BA.
Ta yaya gine-ginen gida yawanci suna zubar da juna? Layuka na layi daya na "shafi"; "A cikin Shaci", ƙarshen zuwa juna, wani lokacin samar da tsawaita "tsiran alade"; Giciye-giciye; Square ...
Masu bincike suna da "trilisnist" gidaje, a kusa, alal misali, matakala. Na farko irin wannan aikin shine kungiyar Vehuteemovskaya gungun Ladovsky, a cikin 1924 don gidan a Sokolniki. Don haka ba a gina.
Gina akan wani dan kadan daban-daban aiki a cikin abokan gaba Siva a 1930-32. Kuma wannan wani "ba a san shi ba" na Ladovsky.
Amma gaba daya "masana'antu" tallafi na farkon bene. Shin zai yiwu a gina akan tallafi? Shin ya dace a cikin yanayin sararin samaniya?
Ee don Allah!
Wannan gidan ba a kan jerin ayyukan Ladovsky ba, amma kusan an tsara shi da halartar kai tsaye. Musamman idan ka tuna da karfin aiki a asnov.
Daga cikin wadanda suka kafa asnov shine shahararren El Lisitsky. Hakanan, da alama ana aiwatar da shi ta hanyar tsarin gine-gine kawai - da buga mujallar mujallar "Ogoneek", 1932. Wataƙila, ana iya danganta shi da hankali?
Amma wani daya (wannan labarin kamar yadda "ba a san" ba "Lisitsky Project: Ginin Darakta Driptorate. Gorky. Mun tsauta wa magajinsa ga magajinsa don Lisitsy a matsayin babban CPCO na babban CPCO bisa aikin nasa.
A cikin 1928, Ladovsky, a fili, yanke shawarar cewa almajiransa a shirye suke don aiki mai amfani. Ya fito ne daga ci gaba da aikin ka'idar asnov kuma ya shirya Aru - kungiyar Artenist Artchent. Sunan da ya dace da manufofin kungiyar: ci gaban makaman birane da ayyukan.
Kuma a cikin 1932, Ladovsky yana ba da aikinsa don shirin gaba ɗaya don sake gina Moscow. A cewar shi, daga Moscow na tarihi, sabbin yankuna su rarrabe fadada mazugi mazugi zuwa TOver.
Yana kiran wannan dabarun "parabola".
Radial-zobe layout na Architect dauke da kuma iyakance ci gaban garin. Amma, ya bambanta da wannan Corbusier tare da ra'ayoyinsa na tsattsauran ra'ayi, "duka don rushe da kuma ake buƙata", Ladovsky yana riƙe da tarihi, amma sabon tsarin gine-ginen birni yana shirin sabon hanyar. Matsakaicin tsakiyar "Parabola" tsari na zama ɗaya, yankunan masana'antu "suna bunkasa" ginin mazaunin a kan iyakokin. An bayyana Parabola a cikin shugabanci na Arewa, barin garin da yiwuwar girma.
Kamar yadda ka sani, an aiwatar da cikakken aiki na daban don "Stynist" a cikin shekaru. Ciki har da gano da haɓaka tsohuwar tsarin babban birnin.
Amma a kan taswirar zamani na Moscow, za mu gani, ba shakka, ba "parabola" ba, amma ... kumbura da bayar da "tsohuwar" maved ". Gaskiya ne, ya bata zuwa ga TV, amma a kudu maso yamma - amma ra'ayin Ladovsky an iya tsammani anan. Ban sani ba idan ya kasance yana da wasu tasirin lokacin da ke haɓaka shiri don ci gaban birnin. Amma a fili yake cewa kowane ɗan ƙaramin ƙwararru ko ƙwararren masanin gargajiya ya kamata ya zama sananne tare da tarihin gine-ginen ...
Kuma shekara guda a baya, gine-ginen da aka baiwa ra'ayin manyan toshe-kai daga daidaitattun nau'ikan nau'ikan masana'antu kuma an shirya shi zuwa shafin ginin. Da kyau, kuma za a iya hada su gwargwadon wani takamaiman aiki, gina gidan da ake so siffofin da masu girma dabam.
An ba da shawarar tantanin da za a shirya a cikin tattalin tsari a gida kuma haɗa zuwa hanyoyin sadarwa kafin su ba da sanarwar. Wani ra'ayin wani ra'ayin Soviet wanda ya yi a gaban lokacinsu!
A shekara ta 1934, ana aiwatar da wani aikin: littafin rubutu "abubuwa na gine-ginen gine-gine da kayan gini. Ba a karo na farko a cikin adadin marubutan ba, Ladovsky ba a kayyade ba.
Koyaya, sunaye a kan murfin suna magana da kansu: Mahalarta Asmanov Mahalarta Vladimir Kralings, Ivan fitilun da Mikhail Turkus. Na karshen - na gaba - Hakanan nazarin Ladovsky. Kuma duk ukun malamai ne na dabbobi, sannan kuma cibiyar tsarin halittar Moscow. Don haka, hanyoyin pedagogy ya ci gaba a asnov aƙalla an kiyaye shi. Kuma ganin sunayen marubutan littafin, ba wuya a iya tunanin cewa ba tare da halartar Ladovsky ba ta tsada.
Abin baƙin ciki, a cikin shekaru biyu, hade duk haɗin haɗin creatives zai fara cikin tsari guda, wanda zai juya cikin ƙungiyar ƙungiyoyi masu haɗin gwiwa.
A ƙarshe, biyu "sanannun sanannun" ayyukan Ladenovsky - watakila mafi yawan atpical a cikin Moscow mesro.
- Takalma "Red Gate" - A gaskiya, wani abin tunawa da sunan wannan sunan, wanda aka rushe ta kwararar karni na XVIIP na karni na XViiii.
- A lokaci guda baka na ƙofar shine tunani na kai tsaye ga litattafan almara, zuwa tashar masu daukaka, wanda ƙarni suka yi wa ƙofofin da windows na haikalin.
Foral ɗin "ya jawo" mu a cikin haikalin, yana kunna kuzarin ƙaƙƙarfan hanya. Kamar yadda ƙofar gidan "Red Gate" fasinjoji, don haka zauren "dzerzhinsky" yana jagorantar su a ƙasa.
Tunanin Ladovsky, a zahiri, sabanin shigarwa: bai kamata a ji cewa muna karkashin kasa ba. Ladovsky yana hango shi yana inganta ji na rami, bugun karkashin kasa. Kuma sake saita tsaurara, ma'anar motsi a kai ...
Abin takaici, karamin dutse ya kasance daga wannan aikin, da gangan kiyaye shi da gine-ginen da babban tsarin gine-gine a cikin 1970s.
Wannan ba kawai ke yin gini ba ne. Wannan shine ainihin tsarin gine-gine, zuwa aikin daga fom ɗin, kamar yadda mutum ya fahimta.
Af, a asnov, a ASNOV, a lokaci guda, har ma Konstantin Melnikov, wani mutum ne, wanda baiyi shiga cikin wasu ƙungiyoyi ba kuma ba gyara kowane rukuni ba. Wataƙila saboda sun lura da yawa a kan yawa? Daga baya aka zargi "tsari."
A zahiri, da gaskiya. Masu ba da hankali waɗanda suka biya da hankali sosai ga ayyukan samuwar, sau da yawa su da kansu da ake kira kansu "na asali." Amma a cikin 20s, an saka shi a wannan ma'anar, da sauran gonar fiye da rabi na biyu na 30s.
Amma me yasa Wikipedia ta ba da rahoton cewa:
Ana hankali da hankali (kuma an aiwatar da shi) Mafi muni fiye da tsari?Kamar yadda muke gani, masu sihiri an gina su, kuma suna gina wuraren hadaddun zama gaba ɗaya. "Za a iya amfani da mafi muni" ana iya kiran shi? Ba cewa Ladovsky bane?
Wannan shine kawai wanda ya sami ilimi tsawon shekaru, gina fiye da uku da aiwatar da ayyukan da aka aiwatar. Ya shirya wani tsararraki na masofi masu nasara a nan gaba, shekarun da suka gabata na gina abin da har yanzu muke amfani da shi, da kuma sha'awa.
Marubucin - Alexander Smirnov
Source - Springzhizni.ru.