A cikin shekaru 40 da suka gabata, 11 ga Fabrairu, 1981, a Poland babu wani abu kamar abin da ba a sani ba: An canza Firayim Minista. Silovik, Ministan Tsaro Woolesh Yarzhelsky ya zama sabon shugaban majalisa. Gabanin kasar na jiran kwayoyi da ba a taɓa ganin su ba, dokar Martial, ta mai da hankali a hannun ikon mallakar dukkan iko a kasar kuma kusan shekaru goma na adawa da jama'a. 42.Tut.by game da waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru.
Poland a cikin saba'in: shekarun zinare da bashin
Mahalcin sun zama shekaru na zinare don Jamhuriyar Jamhuriyar Jamhuriyar Jamhuriyar Jamhuriyar Jama'ar. Kamfanin ya ji karfinta: Zanga-zangar na ma'aikata a bakin tekun Baltic, kodayake iko da kuma yanke shawarar cewa sannan ya kawo wa mutane murabus a Poland) Vladislav Gomulka. Haɗin kai ne ya ɗauki matsayinsa.Gwamnati ta dan kadan saki ƙofar, da "thaw" da kuma al'adun al'adu suka fara ne a Poland. Anget Wawaida da Kshayshtof Zanysy, Daniel Olbrykh da Barbana Hermann sun harbe, Anna warter. A cikin Wars Hewiry da aka fara yi da farko a cikin Soviet toshe na coca-Cola, da Poland kamar yadda aka karbi sunan dan kwallon barrand "na Merry Barrack a cikin gurguzu". Moscow bai hana shi ba: Tsakanin saba'in ne na "fitarwa" tare da tauraron dan adam bayan barin tauraron 'na Prague na "a 1968, Brezhnev bai yi ƙoƙari ba.
Amma lamarin a cikin tattalin arzikin Poland bai yi mahimmanci ba. Kayan aiki na masana'antu sun yi biyayya, kasar da ake buƙata sake samar da kayan fasaha na fasaha - kuma kuɗin don wannan, shugabancin PPP ya yanke shawarar ɗauka a Yammacin Wold, kuma ba maƙaryata a cikin toshe So So So So So So So So So So So So So So So So So So So So So So So So So So So So So So So So So So So So So So So So WPL ba. Tattalin arzikin na PNP a zahiri ya cika da kudin bashi: Suna tsammanin cewa duk bashin zai iya bayarwa saboda karuwar riba.
Duk da haka, da shekarun da suka gabata ya kare, bashin ya samu cikakkiyar kwatancen taurari 20 na dala biliyan 20, da kuma riba ba ta bayyana ba: saboda mafita, zamani "Top" tattalin arziƙi ya gaza. Kudi da aka kashe a cikin tattalin arziƙin kamar yadda aka narke ba tare da inganta cigaba da ake so ba.
Ba lallai ba ne a kirga ƙasashen Yammacin don rubuta kuɗi da kuɗi: su kansu suna da wahala a fuskar hadarin mai. Tarayyar Soviet ita ma ba ta da sha'awar adana tattalin arzikin Polish ba. A sakamakon haka, a ƙarshen 70s, "shekaru na zinare kwatsam kuma gaba daya ya ƙare, Poland yana kan gab da lalacewa ta tattalin arziki.
Ba a fitar da shelves a cikin shaguna ba, duk abin da za a iya fitar da shi, farashin ya girma (wanda ya kasance mai yawan magana tare da tattalin arziƙin tattalin arziki). Ma'aikata sun sake jefa zanga-zangar. Harbi har yanzu ba a kara kara su ba, amma ana bin masu gwagwarmaya, kuma suna watsi da kwazo a karo na biyu na saba'in ya zama al'ada. A mayar da martani, da ake nufi da hankali ya kirkiro kwamitin kare hakkin dan adam ko kor (Komitet Obrony Robotników).
Yajin aiki da hadin kai
Kwanan Alamar ta kasance Yuli 1, 1980 - A wannan rana gwamnati ta karu farashin nama. Ma'aikatan ba su daurewa ba: Da farko sun fasa zanga-zangar a Lublin, to, cibiyarsu ta koma Gdansk: A can, da taimakon Kor, Kwamitin yajin aiki da aka kirkira shi ne ya kirkiro shi ne jagorancin Kamfaniyar Kor. Yawan 'yan wasan suna lasafta da ɗari dubunnan dubun, a cikin Tarihi waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru an haɗa su kamar yadda Polish Agusta. A wannan karon hikimaia da ma'aikata sun yi aiki tare.
Kwamitin yajin aiki da Kor ya haɗu da ci gaba 21 da ke neman ma'aikata ga hukumomi - galibin tattalin arziki - har zuwa gabatarwar katunan kayan abinci akan nama. A lokaci guda, ƙungiyoyin kwadago masu zaman kansu sun buƙaci yajin aiki, da kuma ingantacciyar bayani game da yanayin tattalin arziki na ƙasar, da kuma sa hannu cikin tattaunawar abubuwan da suka dace.
Makullin kungiyoyin hada-hada masu zaman kansu sun zama mabiyau: tunda ranar 17 ga Satumba, Uwarniya ta Poland, ta nuna kai "hadin kai", wanda daga baya ya zama almara. The Poles nan take "jefa ƙafafunsu ': mutane miliyan bakwai (na biyar na yawan jama'a) an yi rikodin su a cikin sabon ƙungiyar kasuwanci a cikin' yan watanni), daga cikin 'yan kwdamaki (na uku PPP). Lech Valens ya zama shugaban. Nuwamba 10, ƙungiyar kasuwancin ta zama doka.
PNP PNP Stormlover. "Mai sassaucin ra'ayi, kan ta zama mai hauhawa da saurin rasa ƙarfi, maza da gunayen" ba su so su nemi duk wani tabbaci.
Jagoran "Pendulum" na Agusta-Satumba ya harbe sau da yawa, kuma a sakamakon haka, ya haifar da lamarin na biyu, da aka kirkiri halin da ake ciki game da wasu bukatun ma'aikata (da farko, da Halittar Ciniki na Halittar Tsaro mai zaman kanta, wanda ya haifar da ƙirƙirar "hadin kai", tare da wani Edward Herlek ya yi murabus, ya maye gurbin Kanya da tsayayye Stanislav. A karshen bai kasance cikin "jam'iyyar kankare" ba, wanda ke wakiltar adadi mai kyau, a shirye yake don aiki da bulala, da gingerbread. Koyaya, a bayyane yake cewa lokacin amsawa zai fara. Kuma ya fara.
Matsalar hukumomin sun kasance mafi mahimmancin cewa ba a bayyana ba, wane matsayi ne zai ɗauki sojoji - amincin sojojin ba shi da tabbacin. Wannan shine dalilin da ya sa a watan Agusta a watan Agusta, tattaunawar farko ta fara ne game da yiwuwar gabatarwar Soviet zuwa Poland. ASSR ba zai iya rasa zuwa tauraron dan adam na Polish ba: Babu wata alaƙa da ƙungiyar Soviet, akwai haɗarin asarar iko akan babban mai "bututun mai" (da kuma fitar da mai ga Union yana da mahimmanci daga tsakiyar Snerenties).
Koyaya, cikakken tsari na Moscow a wancan lokacin ya kasance mara amfani, idan ba haka ba ne a yakin Afghanistan don ware albarkatu ga sha'awar yi ba ƙonewa. A cikin USSR, an haifi waka mai ban mamaki:
Pany da pani,
Saurari Kanya,
Kuma sannan vanya zai zo
Kuma hakan zai zama kamar a Afghanistan ...
Koyaya, halartar "hadin kai" da fashewar da take fadi da jagorancin jagorancin Tarurrukan Soviet ta shafi PPP da "kankare" na PPP. Wakilan "tsohuwar tsaro" na jam'iyyar, ƙungiyar ciniki ta kasuwanci mai zaman kanta, a matsayin kashi a cikin maƙogwaro, amma shan kashi na ɗan lokaci.
Play Yarazelsky
A cikin yanayin yaƙi na masu gyara da masu ra'ayin mazan jiya a ranar 11 ga Fabrairu, 1981, shugaban majalissar tsaron gida, a lokaci guda, ya bar ministar tsaron gida ). Alƙisara a wani muhimmin asirin mai yatsa ba musamman ba ne aka faɗakar da: Sojojin da aka yi amfani da shi a cikin jama'a ingantacciyar iko kuma duk Divemtum ta mayar da hankali a kan PPP. Akasin haka, mutumin da baya cikin "kankare" da alama ba ga mafi munin Firayim Minista da wanda zaku iya kasuwanci ba.
Koyaya, jama'a a Yarazelky sun kuskure kuskure. Haka ne, ba shi da babban aiki da ya gabata, kasancewa duk rayuwarsa da ke hade da sojoji. Da zuriyar da ke Shanthetsky, mai kirki, ya koma Lithuania yana da shekaru 16, daga inda Jamhuriyar ta shiga cikin aikin Siberian. Na binne Uba a wurin, lalacewar cornea na ido a kan gandun daji (wanda zai kasance duhu duhu tabarau), amma a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu na sami damar shiga cikin sassan Poland a cikin USSR. A cikin yaƙin, Yarazelsk ya wuce tare da sojojin zuwa Elbe kanta, sannan kuma ya ci gaba da aikinsa na soja.
A karshen shekarun da suka gabata, yarzelsky, ya riga ya zama ministan tsaron kasa, sun karbi kwarewa ta farko da ke shiga soja don adana 'yan wasan kwaikwayo na farko da suka daidaita daga sake fasalin "Pres dubu 24 da suka halarci. Bayan shekaru biyu, sojojin Poland daga ilimin Yarazely sun halarci hanzari na zanga-zangar da ke aiki a Baltic Coast - sannan mutane mutane 46 suka mutu. Don haka shafa ikon sabon Farko shine, gaba daya, ba na farko ba. Haka kuma, ba zai yiwu a yi sulhu tsakanin "hadin kai" da hukumomi ba: na farko da aka shirya sabbin lamuran farko kuma ba sa son wani canji. Daidaici Poland ya zama talakawa, mun tuna cewa kasar ta daidaita game da fatarar kudi, kuma a farkon rabin 1981 sakamakon kudin, kudin shiga, kudin shiga Poland ya fadi da 15%.
Matakan tattalin arzikin da gwamnati ta yi ta magance matsalar zanga-zangar adawa, ba ta da asali, yar fashin da aka bayar sosai don tara farashin abinci da mai. Daidai da tsoro na tashin hankali, wanda da aka zartar ya boye bayan bukatun bayanan demokiradiyya, kuma ya ce "ikon jama'ar ba za a ba shi ba."
A lokacin 1981, Jagoranci na PPP a hankali ya kara karkata ga karfi: ayyukan "hadin kai" a cikin gwamnatin siyasa a SEJM) kai tsaye Ya yi barazanar da kungiyar kwadago ta Poland don sarrafa kasar.
A wannan lokacin, tambayar ta hanyar zirga-zirgar Soviet ta kusan ba ta tsayawa ba: Misali, fuska ta biyu a cikin jihar (da rashin lafiya Brezhnev kuma bai yi sauri ba don gabatar da sojoji). Gaskiya ne, yankin jama'a, ƙin kisan mam baya ya zama da yawa daga baya.
A watan Disamba, Songerarity ya shirya zanga-zangar taro kan bikin tunawa da ramuwar masu zanga-zangar a 1970. Kuma a nan jawelsky, wanda ya mai da hankali kan lokacin da dukiyar a cikin kasar (1 ga Oktoba 18, ya maye gurbin Kanya a gidan sakataren farko) buga: an gabatar da dokar Martial a cikin kasar. A 12 ga Disamba, dukkanin voivodes (yanki) yanki ne na yankin da aka tanada a cikin sarakuna daga watan Maris - wato nadin da aka samu daga cikin Firayim Minista.
A cikin ubannin da ke cikin umarnin: don ɗaukar duk hanyar sadarwa, rediyo, talabijin, talabijin, talabijin ", wanda zai iya isa. A cikin tsare-tsare ya juya ya zama Valens, yawancin littafin cinikin kasuwanci, kuma saboda wasu dalilai, tsohon sakataren farko na porp Edward dafaoose. Gwamnati ta rufe kan iyakoki, hana duk kungiyoyin jama'a, batun duk kafofin watsa labarai ne.
Gabatarwar yanayin soja ya zama mafi yawan 'yan sanda mafi girma a cikin karni na 20: mutane dubu 10 ne kawai suka haɗa da ma'aikatan Zomo (sannan' yan sanda masu tarzoma). Da sojoji dubu 250 a manyan tankuna da yawa da yawa. Ya yi jinkiri ga mutane dubu biyar, ba da daɗewa ba aka ƙartar da shi kamar yadda yawa.
"Halin ma'aikata da masu jita" sun haifar da murkushe masu hawa ga ma'aikata da masu jigo, suna bayyana su da juyin juya hali. Powerarfin kasar ya koma Majalisar Dearwar Kasa ta ceto (Wojskowa Rariya Ocaleniaarwowowego, Wron). A cikin jawabai masu zuwa, YARAZelsky ya ce: "Ina zargin wadannan sojojin a cikin sha'awar adawa, a cikin yaduwar ƙiyayya, a cikin lalata tattalin arziki, cikin halakar da tattalin arziki , shine wadannan sojojin sun yi barazanar Unioniya da kuma tsaron kasar. Ina zargin wadannan mutane a cikin rashin amincewa da amincewa da miliyoyin mutane masu gaskiya da ke da haɗari a cikin wani hadari mai haɗari.
Bayan haka, WOJCIH, YARAZelsky ya nace cewa ya gabatar da sanarwar yin shayarwa kawai tare da manufar ta hana mamaye sojojin Soviet. A yau yana da shakku: bayan shekarun da suka gabata, babu wata hujja ta kai tsaye game da shirye-shiryen shigarwar sojojin ba za a iya samu ba - a bayyane yake cewa an shirya doka doka a gaba.
Jin juriya na mutanen sun yi nasarar kashe ba nan da nan. Ma'aikata sun dauki hotunan masana'antu a Warsaw, Gdansk, Wroclaw da sauran biranen. Yawancin lokaci, sojojin da Zomo sun yi aiki kamar wannan: ƙofar kamfanin da aka soki tanki, bayan da sojojin tsaro suka fashe cikin ciki, suna tura masana'antar. A cikin taron juriya, duka a cikin "itace" a cikin Gunkin jirgin sama daga bindigogi daga bindiga - mutane tara sun mutu. A cikin Gdansk, zanga-zangar da aka yi musictionarfafa tarwatsa - hadayu sosai.
A sakamakon haka, a ƙarshen shekara, ƙungiyar jabu juriya ta kashe. Ba tare da jagoranci ba, miliyoyin magota waɗanda suka bar karkashin kasa "hadin kai" ba zai iya shirya ingantacciyar magana ba. Taswirar Yarozelsky ya taka leda kuma na wani dan lokaci ya kara wanzuwar kwaminisanci Poland.
Poles sun yi zanga-zangar kamar yadda zasu iya. Hannun hannun jari na hadin kai, yajin Italiyanci a wurin aiki, ganyayyaki da kuma masu fasali, gurbata anti-gwamnati. Hannun Windows yana kama da kalmar wayo (hankaka), kuma a kan ganuwar sukan ba don cin nasara "," hunturu na don "," hunturu ku, bazara mu ". Kulle Graffiiti ya aiko rukuni na musamman.
Don haka, "shrimp" don haka Poland, Yarazelsky da kewayensa ba zai iya "shuru" tattalin arzikin ba. A watan Fabrairu 1982, farashin abinci ya karu da kashi 241 cikin ɗari, da kashi 171 - akan lantarki da zafi. Kamfanin masana'antar sun nada kwamandojin soji a kan su "karfafa karfin koyarwa da yawan aiki" - gwargwadon yadda ya taimaka, yana da wahala yin hukunci.
Yanayin soja ya kwashe har zuwa Yuli 22, 1983, ya cancanci rayuwa fiye da mutane ɗari kuma bai warware kowace matsala ba. Hadin gwiwar ya ci nasara a filin shari'ar ya ci gaba da aiki a karkashin kasa, amincewa da mutanen zuwa PPP ya fadi sifili, kuma tattalin arzikin bai taimaka wa tattalin arzikin da wojcielech. Duk da haka, PNR ta dade bayan wasu 'yan shekaru - kusan har zuwa karshen shekaru goma. Yazareilsky da kansa ƙarshe ya ba da iko ga Leu Valen Spenes ya rayu har zuwa 2014. Tut.by.