Ilimin Fed zai sake gano babban jari daga kasuwanni masu tasowa, amma sau da yawa ga annashuwa, babban abu a cikin shafukan tattalin arziƙi.
An buga labarin a shafin yanar gizo
Idan hanzari na hauhawar farashin hauhawar farashin kaya har yanzu yana sa Fed da ke fare, busa don haɓaka kasuwanni za su yi ƙarfi sosai, farfesa na Harvard Kenneth rogoffs ana gargadi. A cikin 2013, tsoro a cikin kasuwannin kuɗi (Taper Tantrum) ya fara ne bayan Fedrev ya fara yin sigina game da manufofin zango mai saukarwa. Yanzu Fed yana yin duk abin da zai yiwu a shawo kan kasuwa a cikin gaskiyar cewa na dogon lokaci ba zai tabbatar da manufar ba, kuma wannan ya zama cikakke, rogoff bayanin kula da sakin da ke ƙasa, sama da 2% Fice da amfana fiye da lahani. Bugu da kari, har yanzu yana da nisa sosai ga ƙididdigar IMF, kamar yadda Janairu 2020, to, ya kasance miliyan 9 kasa da aikata tsarin yin aikin alurar riga kafi kuma a watan Fabrairu 2020, amma idan Amurka ta yi nasara wajen yin shirin sa da Ta hanyar bazara 2021. Alurar a karɓi yawancin jama'a kuma zai yuwu a hana yaduwar sabon juzu'in magunguna, Fedreve zai iya sake tunani game da tarurruka. Yayin hauhawar farashin kaya ya ragu, amma mai kaifi spmash na bukatar daftari na iya hanzarta karuwar farashin. "Tide na farfadowa da tattalin arziki ba makawa ne, amma zai taimaka wajen tserewa daga Mongs ba ga jiragen ruwa ba," in ji Rogoff.
Tashin arzikin ci gaba zai kasance daga cikin pandmic ba a cikin mafi kyawun tsari ba. Yawancinsu za su karɓi rigakafin a baya fiye da ƙasashe masu tasowa, da rikicin rikice-rikice a cikin kasashe masu tasowa a cikin kasashe 13% na GDP a cikin ƙasashe masu tasowa . Bugu da kari, masu tasirin tattalin arziki yanzu suna da babban bashin bashi sosai fiye da gaban rikicin kudi na tattalin arziƙi - duka a cikin jihohi da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu. Idan ƙimar sha'awa a cikin ƙasashe masu tasowa ba ta kusa zama ba, da yawa ƙasashe masu tasowa sun riga sun sami manyan matsaloli, amma a cikin 2020 Sevelarshen Sarki ya faru: Argentina, Ecuador, Lebanon. Kuma yanzu ɗayan manyan abubuwan hadarin - Taper Tantrum 2.0, yana nuna rogoff.
Evidemics suna ƙara yiwuwar ɗaukar nauyin rashin jin daɗin zamantakewa da haɓaka ƙwararrun masana IMF a cikin sabon binciken, waɗanda suke ba da labari game da shafin yanar gizon kungiyar. Tun lokacin da Justian annobar a tsakiyar karni na VI. A cikin 1918, Spanish mura a 1918 ya bi wasu ragi na zamantakewa: barkewar hana wutar lantarki, ci gaban da aka kera tsakanin kungiyoyin zamantakewa daban-daban. Duk da misalai daban-daban daban, ƙididdigar ƙimar ƙimar abubuwan annoba da rashin jituwa na zamantakewa, an rubuta marubutan. Don cika wannan sarari, sun yi amfani da abokan aikinsu daga bayanan IMF, dangane da rahotannin kafofin watsa labarai kan musayar ra'ayi a cikin kasashe daban-daban na duniya daga 1985 zuwa yanzu. Binciken ya nuna cewa a cikin ƙasashen da annoba ya faru sau da yawa kuma sun kasance mafi tsanani, suna zanga-zangar da yawa. Tun da farko, kwararrun IMF sun yi daidai da cewa da nazarin sakamakon annobar ta faru a cikin kasashe 133 zuwa 2018.
Tasirin annoben ra'ayi daga ra'ayin ra'ayin jama'a na biyu, masu shelar suna karuwa. Don haka, a cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci, ji na zamantakewa yana daɗaɗa: Yayin da kamuwa da cuta ke da wuya, a ƙari, cutar za ta iya ba da gudummawa ga al'adun al'umma. A ƙarshe, gwamnatin marubuta za su iya amfani da annoba a cikin bukatunsu - don ƙarfafa ƙarfinsu da kuma hana rashin sani, marubutan suna rubutu. A shekarar 2020, akwai wata zanga-zangar karbunsu a duniya, marubutan sun nuna, wato Cavid-19 har yanzu yana da daidai da yanayin tarihi a cikin rashin jituwa yayin tashin hankali. Amma a cikin matsakaici, da yiwuwar rashin jin dadin zamantakewa bayan da cutar ta kara, marubutan ba su da yawa: Yawancin matsaloli suna fitowa da su a cikin al'umma kuma kafin barkewar kamuwa da cuta ba su da amincewa A cikin cibiyoyi, ingantaccen sarrafa inganci, talauci da rashin daidaito.
Jimlar kula da lafiya, dabaru masu tunani da sanarda kungiyoyin zamantakewa daban-daban - Farfesa na Jami'ar Ben-Gurion Ras Baliser a cikin alfarma London Ras Baliser a cikin alfarma ta London Raunin jama'ar da suka karbi alurar a Isra'ila yanzu ita ce mafi girma a duniya - 1 ga Fabrairu, kashi na farko na maganin rigakafin 70-79 shekara - 90%. Tsoffin ma'aikatan lafiya da kiwon lafiya su ne kashi na fifikon farko, amma a hankali kawai su sigina sun zama dama ga yawan jama'a. Godiya ga rarraba kula da kiwon lafiya, Isra'ila tana da isasshen bayanan likita don haɓaka tsarin hadaddun tsari don alurar riga kafi, amma an sanya zaɓin da sauri, kuma ba zai ƙara manufa ba. Amma digitization ya taimaka wajen rage asarar allurai na maganin alurar riga: bayan an ayyana saƙonni na rubutu tare da gayyata don yin allurar da ke alurar riga kafi. A sakamakon haka, asara ya kai kasa da 0.01% allurai.
Tabbas, Isra'ila tana da yawan fa'idodi masu yawa a alurar riga kafi, yawan ƙasar ba su da kyau (mutane 9 miliyan) da ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya suna da ƙwarewa, da ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya suna da ƙwarewa yayin bikin gaggawa. Koyaya, ana buƙatar kamfen ɗin da aka zabe wanda aka zabe shi, tun daga cikin ƙalubalan, kamar yadda yake a ƙasashe da yawa, shine rashin yarda da yawan jama'a. Musamman m wannan matsalar tana cikin al'ummomin rufe alfarwata: Don haka, a cikin wasu matsanancin-Tali, jita-jita yada cewa alurar riga kafi na iya haifar da rashin haihuwa. Babban ka'idodin yakin neman yakin neman kamfen din ya kasance fassara: Shugabannin siyasa da na addinai sun yi musu alurar riga kafi, kuma a fayyace game da maganin an daidaita da al'adun gargajiya da Arab-Isra'ilawa. Ya kamata kamfen ya sa shugabannin wannan al'ummomin.
Ya kamata a ɗauka magoya bayan haraji akan wadata, yawancin ƙasashe da yawa sun nuna Timothus Timoti, mujallar Editor da gangan. An gabatar da gabatarwar haraji na arziki har yanzu ana tattauna da aka gabatar da shi a cikin Amurka, kuma yanzu wannan ra'ayin yana kan ajanda kuma a Burtaniya - tuni ya aiki a matsayin Hukumar Data. Nazarin guda na hukumar an sadaukar da shi ga ƙwarewar biyan haraji a ƙasashe masu tasowa. Don haka, a cikin 1990, ƙasashe 12 na OECD (duka - Turai) yana da harajin dukiya, amma a farkon 2010, Jamus, An ƙi da yawancinsu Swedlands don haraji. Iceland ya soke harajin arzikin a 2006, amma sannan ya gabatar da ɗan lokaci na ɗan lokaci don 2010-2014. A matsayina na anti na rikicin gaggawa na gaggawa. Latter na karshen shine Faransa: A 2018, ta maye gurbin haraji akan wadatar haraji a kan dukiya mai tsada dukiya. Jimlar na 2020, haraji akan dukiya yana cikin tsari tsarkakakku yana aiki a Norway, Switzerland da Spain.
Mafi yawa ya ƙi samun harajin data zama, saboda abubuwan da aka fi dacewa da su daga mahimmancin ra'ayi da tarin abubuwa, da kuma inganta abubuwan haraji ko haraji mai tsada. Don haka, daya daga cikin dalilan da yasa Switzerland ke riƙe da haraji a kan wadata, a cikin gaskiyar cewa babu harajin karuwar haraji a cikin kasar, kuma a mafi yawan cantons ko kyauta ana biyan haraji ko kyauta. Matsalar gama gari ta ƙi yin arziki da harajin haɗin gwiwa ne na ƙarancin kuɗi da rikice-rikice. Don haka, karbar haraji na iya zama 0.2-0.3% na GDP na kudin haraji a cikin 40% na GDP. A mafi yawan lokuta, harajin dukiya ta ɗauka taro na ban mamaki da ajiyar wurare. A wasu ƙasashe, an cajin Haraji kawai tare da Super-rogged: Misali, an saki a Faransa, an ba da gidaje tare da mutane miliyan 1.3 da 35 da aka biya shi ne kawai ga mutane 360,000. Bugu da kari, da harajin ba shi da wani kudade da aka yi wa ado a matsayin tanadi na fansho, wanda Kasuwancin Iyali, Kasuwancin Iyali, Kasuwanci daga cikin tushen karbar haraji suma suna yin Don sadaka, kuɗaɗen kudade don tsararraki masu zuwa, mallaka na ilimi. A sakamakon haka, mutane da yawa masu tsaro na iya daukar sojoji na lauyoyi waɗanda suka taimaka wajen rarraba dukiya a irin wannan hanyar da za a rage biyan kuɗi, kuma a sakamakon haka, kudade sau da yawa da sauri auku.